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5 min read·Lesson 5 of 10

Cloud Storage and Object Storage

Master Google Cloud Storage — storage classes, lifecycle policies, access control, and when to use Cloud Storage vs Persistent Disk vs Filestore.

Google Cloud offers multiple storage services for different use cases. Cloud Storage is the primary object storage service — scalable, durable, and globally accessible.

Cloud Storage

Cloud Storage stores objects (files of any type or size) in containers called buckets. Every object is immutable — you replace rather than modify it. Objects are stored with strong global consistency, meaning reads always reflect the latest write.

Key properties:

  • Unlimited capacity — store any number of objects up to 5 TB each
  • 11 nines (99.999999999%) durability
  • HTTP/HTTPS access via REST APIs or client libraries
  • Globally unique bucket names

Storage Classes

Storage classes let you trade retrieval cost for storage cost based on access frequency:

ClassMin Storage DurationRetrieval CostBest For
StandardNoneNoneFrequently accessed data, serving content
Nearline30 daysLowOnce a month access (backups, data lakes)
Coldline90 daysMediumOnce a quarter access (disaster recovery)
Archive365 daysHighRarely accessed (long-term compliance archives)

Object Lifecycle Management

Lifecycle rules automatically act on objects when conditions are met. Common examples:

  • Move objects to Nearline after 30 days of no access
  • Move to Coldline after 90 days, Archive after 365 days
  • Delete objects older than 7 years
  • Delete non-current versions after 30 days (for versioned buckets)

Lifecycle rules are defined as JSON conditions — the Cloud Console provides a GUI to create them.

Bucket Locations

  • Regional: Data stored in a single region. Lowest latency for region-specific apps.
  • Dual-region: Data redundantly stored across two specific regions.
  • Multi-region: Data stored across a large geographic area (e.g., us, eu, asia). Highest availability and geo-redundancy.

Access Control

Cloud Storage supports two access control models:

  • Uniform bucket-level access (recommended): All permissions managed via Cloud IAM. Consistent, auditable, simpler.
  • Fine-grained access: Combination of IAM and per-object ACLs. Needed for legacy use cases.

For public websites or CDN content, you can make buckets publicly readable. For sensitive data, use private access with signed URLs for temporary, time-limited access.

Other GCP Storage Services

ServiceTypeBest For
Cloud StorageObject / BlobImages, backups, large files, static sites
Persistent DiskBlock (attached to VM)VM OS disks, databases running on VMs
Local SSDBlock (ephemeral)Temp data, high IOPS scratch space
FilestoreManaged NFS fileShared file system for multiple VMs or GKE pods
Cloud Storage FUSEBucket mounted as filesystemML training data, shared read-heavy files

Key Takeaways

  • Cloud Storage is GCP's globally consistent, scalable object storage service.
  • Four storage classes — Standard, Nearline, Coldline, Archive — balance cost and retrieval latency.
  • Object Lifecycle Management automatically transitions or deletes objects based on age or condition.
  • IAM and ACLs provide access control; uniform bucket-level access is the recommended model.
  • Persistent Disk is block storage for VMs; Filestore is managed NFS for shared file access.

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